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		<title>LDL částice podle velikosti, hustoty a aterogenity</title>
		<link>https://www.naturopatie.com/2026/04/04/ldl-castice-podle-velikosti-hustoty-a-aterogenity/</link>
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		<pubDate>Sat, 04 Apr 2026 05:52:06 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Nezařazené]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[cholesterol]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[LDL]]></category>
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					<description><![CDATA[LDL (“zlý cholesterol”) není jedna homogenní částice, ale směs podtypů lišících se velikostí, hustotou a složením. Tyto rozdíly jsou klinicky důležité, protože některé subtypy jsou &#8230; ]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">LDL (“zlý cholesterol”) není jedna homogenní částice, ale směs podtypů lišících se velikostí, hustotou a složením. Tyto rozdíly jsou klinicky důležité, protože některé subtypy jsou výrazně více aterogenní než jiné.</span></p>
<h2><b>Základní typy LDL částic</b></h2>
<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1"><b>Velké buoyantní LDL (lbLDL)</b>
<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="2"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Větší, “nadlehčené” částice, často označované jako LDL I–II (cca 26–28,5 nm) (Qiao et al., 2022; Ivanova et al., 2017).</span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="2"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Převažují v tzv. </span><b>fenotypu A</b><span style="font-weight: 400;">, který je méně aterogenní (Ivanova et al., 2017; Atak, 2024).</span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1"><b>Střední LDL</b>
<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="2"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Přechod mezi lbLDL a malými částicemi, často LDL II (Ivanova et al., 2017; Qiao et al., 2022).</span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1"><b>Malé, denzní LDL (sdLDL)</b>
<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="2"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Menší průměr, vyšší hustota; typicky frakce LDL III–IV, &lt; ~25,5 nm (Qiao et al., 2022; Hirano, 2025).</span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="2"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Převažují v </span><b>fenotypu B</b><span style="font-weight: 400;">, který je výrazně více aterogenní (Ivanova et al., 2017; Atak, 2024).</span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="2"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Někdy se dále rozlišují “velmi malé” LDL IV (Ivanova et al., 2017; Qiao et al., 2022; Krauss &amp; Burke, 1982).</span></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3><b>Příklad klasifikace podle hustoty</b></h3>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><b>Typ</b></td>
<td><b>Přibližná hustota (g/ml)</b></td>
<td><b>Charakteristika</b></td>
<td><b>Citace</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span style="font-weight: 400;">LDL I</span></td>
<td><span style="font-weight: 400;">~1,019–1,034</span></td>
<td><span style="font-weight: 400;">lbLDL</span></td>
<td><span style="font-weight: 400;">(Ivanova et al., 2017; Hirano, 2025; Krauss&amp;Burke, 1982)</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span style="font-weight: 400;">LDL II</span></td>
<td><span style="font-weight: 400;">~1,034–1,044</span></td>
<td><span style="font-weight: 400;">intermediární</span></td>
<td><span style="font-weight: 400;">(Ivanova et al., 2017; Hirano, 2025)</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span style="font-weight: 400;">LDL III</span></td>
<td><span style="font-weight: 400;">~≥1,044</span></td>
<td><span style="font-weight: 400;">sdLDL</span></td>
<td><span style="font-weight: 400;">(Ivanova et al., 2017; Hirano, 2025)</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span style="font-weight: 400;">LDL IV</span></td>
<td><span style="font-weight: 400;">~1,044–1,060</span></td>
<td><span style="font-weight: 400;">velmi malé sdLDL</span></td>
<td><span style="font-weight: 400;">(Ivanova et al., 2017; Qiao et al., 2022; Hirano, 2025)</span></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><b>Tabulka 1:</b> LDL částice podle velikosti a hustoty</p>
<h2><b>Aterogenní fenotypy A a B</b></h2>
<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1"><b>Fenotyp A (lbLDL převládá)</b>
<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="2"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Větší průměr LDL (&gt; ~264 Å), více lbLDL, méně sdLDL (Atak, 2024).</span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="2"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Nižší riziko CAD; častěji nižší TAG, vyšší HDL (Atak, 2024; Kulanuwat et al., 2015).</span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1"><b>Fenotyp B (sdLDL převládá)</b>
<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="2"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Menší průměr (&lt; ~264 Å), vysoké sdLDL, nízké lbLDL (Atak, 2024).</span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="2"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Silně spojen s </span><b>aterogenní dyslipidémií</b><span style="font-weight: 400;">: vysoké TAG, nízké HDL, obezita, metabolický syndrom, DM2 (Krauss, 2022; Nikolić et al., 2013; Hirano, 2018; Kulanuwat et al., 2015).</span></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h2><b>Klinický význam sdLDL vs. ostatní LDL subfrakce</b></h2>
<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1"><b>sdLDL je nejvíce aterogenní subfrakce</b>
<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="2"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Lépe proniká do cévní stěny, má delší dobu cirkulace a je náchylnější k oxidaci, glykaci a dalším modifikacím (Ivanova et al., 2017; Qiao et al., 2022; Krauss, 2022; Nikolić et al., 2013; Bekbossynova et al., 2025).</span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="2"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Tyto modifikace podporují zánět, endoteliální dysfunkci a nestabilitu plaku (Ivanova et al., 2017; Nikolić et al., 2013; Bekbossynova et al., 2025).</span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1"><b>Prognostika rizika</b>
<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="2"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Vyšší sdLDL / sdLDL-C je nezávisle spojeno s vyšším rizikem CHD/ASCVD, často lépe než celkové LDL-C (Ivanova et al., 2017; Superko &amp; Garrett, 2022; Liou &amp; Kaptoge, 2020; Krauss, 2022; Stănciulescu et al., 2023; Nazar et al., 2022).</span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="2"><span style="font-weight: 400;">I při “normálním” LDL-C může být riziko skryté, pokud je podíl sdLDL vysoký (typicky DM2, metabolický syndrom, obezita) (Krauss, 2022; Stănciulescu et al., 2023; Hirano, 2025; Juhi et al., 2023; Hirano, 2018).</span></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h2><b>Závěr</b></h2>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">LDL částice se dělí na velké buoyantní (lbLDL), intermediární a malé denzní (sdLDL; LDL III–IV). Převaha sdLDL (fenotyp B) je úzce spojena s metabolickými poruchami a představuje výrazně vyšší aterogenní riziko než lbLDL. Měření subfrakcí LDL (zejména sdLDL/sdLDL‑C) může zpřesnit odhad kardiovaskulárního rizika nad rámec samotného LDL‑C.</span></p>
<h2><b>Reference</b></h2>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Atak, M. (2024). To Determine LDL Phenotypes Using Lipids, Lipoproteins, Apoproteins, and sdLDL Through Association Rule Mining. </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Journal of Clinical Practice and Research</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">.</span><a href="https://doi.org/10.14744/cpr.2023.09719"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">https://doi.org/10.14744/cpr.2023.09719</span></a></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Bekbossynova, M., Saliev, T., Ivanova-Razumova, T., Andossova, S., Kali, A., &amp; Myrzakhmetova, G. (2025). Small dense LDL: An underestimated driver of atherosclerosis (Review). </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Molecular Medicine Reports, 32</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">.</span><a href="https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2025.13693"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2025.13693</span></a></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Hirano, T. (2025). Clinical significance of small dense low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol measurement in type 2 diabetes. </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Journal of Diabetes Investigation, 16</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">, 370 &#8211; 383.</span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/jdi.14398"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">https://doi.org/10.1111/jdi.14398</span></a></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Hirano, T. (2018). Pathophysiology of Diabetic Dyslipidemia. </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis, 25</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">, 771 &#8211; 782.</span><a href="https://doi.org/10.5551/jat.rv17023"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">https://doi.org/10.5551/jat.rv17023</span></a></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Ivanova, E., Myasoedova, V., Melnichenko, A., Grechko, A., &amp; Orekhov, A. (2017). Small Dense Low-Density Lipoprotein as Biomarker for Atherosclerotic Diseases. </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2017</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">.</span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/1273042"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/1273042</span></a></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Juhi, A., Jha, K., &amp; Mondal, H. (2023). Small Dense Low-Density Lipoprotein Level in Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients With Normal Low-Density Lipoprotein. </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Cureus, 15</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">.</span><a href="https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.33924"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.33924</span></a></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Krauss, R. (2022). Small dense low-density lipoprotein particles: clinically relevant?. </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Current Opinion in Lipidology, 33</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">, 160 &#8211; 166.</span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1097/mol.0000000000000824"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">https://doi.org/10.1097/mol.0000000000000824</span></a></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Krauss, R., &amp; Burke, D. (1982). Identification of multiple subclasses of plasma low density lipoproteins in normal humans.. </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Journal of lipid research, 23 1</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">, 97-104.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Kulanuwat, S., Tungtrongchitr, R., Billington, D., &amp; Davies, I. (2015). Prevalence of plasma small dense LDL is increased in obesity in a Thai population. </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Lipids in Health and Disease, 14</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">.</span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-015-0034-1"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-015-0034-1</span></a></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Liou, L., &amp; Kaptoge, S. (2020). Association of small, dense LDL-cholesterol concentration and lipoprotein particle characteristics with coronary heart disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">PLoS ONE, 15</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">.</span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241993"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241993</span></a></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Nazar, A., Anush, J., Mathew, R., &amp; Prabhakar, P. (2022). Clinical Utility of Small, Dense LDL as an Atherogenic Risk Marker. </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Biointerface Research in Applied Chemistry</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">.</span><a href="https://doi.org/10.33263/briac132.199"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">https://doi.org/10.33263/briac132.199</span></a></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Nikolić, D., Katsiki, N., Montalto, G., Isenovic, E., Mikhailidis, D., &amp; Rizzo, M. (2013). Lipoprotein Subfractions in Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Clinical Significance and Therapeutic Approaches. </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Nutrients, 5</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">, 928 &#8211; 948.</span><a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/nu5030928"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">https://doi.org/10.3390/nu5030928</span></a></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Qiao, Y., Zou, Y., &amp; Guo, S. (2022). Low-density lipoprotein particles in atherosclerosis. </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Frontiers in Physiology, 13</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">.</span><a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2022.931931"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2022.931931</span></a></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Stănciulescu, L., Scafa-Udriște, A., &amp; Dorobanțu, M. (2023). Exploring the Association between Low-Density Lipoprotein Subfractions and Major Adverse Cardiovascular Outcomes—A Comprehensive Review. </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">.</span><a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24076669"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24076669</span></a></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Superko, H., &amp; Garrett, B. (2022). Small Dense LDL: Scientific Background, Clinical Relevance, and Recent Evidence Still a Risk Even with ‘Normal’ LDL-C Levels. </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Biomedicines, 10</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">.</span><a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10040829"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10040829</span></a></p>
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